Fig. 3
From: In-silico analysis of potent Mosquirix vaccine adjuvant leads
CSP functional cycle. (1) An infected mosquito deposits sporozoites in the mammalian host dermis via a bite. (2) The sporozoites enter the bloodstream by crossing the dermal fibroblasts (Fb) and endothelial cells (EC). They then traffic to the liver. The sporozoites are sequestered in the liver sinusoids through the association between hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and CSP. (3) Those sporozoites, through Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), cross the sinusoidal cellular barrier into the liver parenchyma. (4) The sporozoites traverse through numerous liver cells, sometimes inside a transient vacuole (TV). (5) A parasitophorous vacuole (PV) formation, in which the parasite matures into a replicative exoerythrocytic form (EEF), enables the sporozoites to switch to the productive invasion of a final hepatocyte [27]