Fig. 4

Effects of Q3G-RF from S. mombin leaves in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal rats after 6 h of treatment. Na⁺–K⁺ ATPase activity (A), nitric oxide level (B), total protein level (C), glucose level (D), sodium ion concentration (E), potassium ion concentration (F), chloride ion concentration (G) in the intestinal tissue/fluid of male Wistar rats treated with normal saline, castor oil (1 mL) + normal saline (1 mL), castor oil (1 mL) + loperamide (3 mg/kg body weight), castor oil (1 mL) + Q3G-RF (100 mg/kg body weight), castor oil (1 mL) + Q3G-RF (200 mg/kg body weight), and castor oil (1 mL) + Q3G-RF (400 mg/kg body weight). Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (n = 6). Significant differences from the sham control group are indicated by † and from negative control by #, p < 0.05