Gold nanoparticles combined baker’s yeast as a successful approach for breast cancer treatment

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Table 8 Effect of injection intratumorally with 10⁹ cells/ml of S. cerevisiae and S. cerevisiae-GNSs on total antioxidant, SOD, and MDA concentrations in the negative, positive, and treatment groups

Parameters	Total antioxidant	Superoxide dismutase (SOD)	Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Groups	Total antioxidant	Superoxide dismutase (SOD)	Malondialdehyde (MDA)
Negative control (normal)	12.4 ± 0.9^#,N.S	146.7 ± 5.7^n.s,+	6.9 ± 1.6^##,N.s
Positive control (tumor)	8.0 ± 0.3^*,+++	137.6 ± 3.2^n.s,+	18.4 ± 1.4^**,+
S. cerevisiae 10⁹ (yeast group)	14.0 ± 0.2^n.s,###	166.7 ± 2.7^*,#	6.6 ± 0.9^n.s,#
S. cerevisiae–GNSs	13.3 ± 1.1^n.s,#	147.3 ± 5.3^n.s,n.s	9.5 ± 1.4^n.s,#

Significance relative to normal: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ^n.sP ≥ 0.05; significance relative to tumor: #P ≤ 0.05, ##P ≤ 0.01, and ###P ≤ 0.001; significance relative to yeast: ⁺P ≤ 0.05, ⁺⁺⁺P ≤ 0.001, and ^N.S P ≥ 0.05