Fig. 1

Histopathological features of liver tissue sections from the different study groups. A) Liver section from vehicle group shows normal histological structure of central vein (CV), normal hepatic parenchymal cells (HCs), and normal portal area (arrow). B) Liver section of probiotic control reveals normal histological structure except congestion of some sinusoids (arrow). C) and D) Liver tissue sections from APAP-positive control group show severe congestion of the central vein (CV), hepatic sinusoids (arrow), portal vessels congestion, multiple newly formed bile ductules (dashed arrows), and mild fibrosis (asterisk) were also detected. E) and F) Liver sections from APAP-administrated group received probiotic as a prophylactic dose demonstrates mild degree of hepatocellular degenerative and necrotic changes (arrow), with some leukocytic exocytosis of the hepatic sinusoids (dashed arrow). G) and H) Liver sections of APAP-administrated rat that received probiotic LGG as treatment show mild congestion of the central vein, hepatic sinusoids, and portal vessels (PV), along with moderate degree of periportal hepatocellular degeneration (arrow). H) Hepatocellular swelling, mild scattered vacuolar degeneration (arrow), and necrosis (dashed arrow). H&E staining, magnification 200 ×