Table 2 Comparative antimicrobial activity of in vivo and ex vitro Kaempferia angustifolia (ethanol extract) and silver nanoparticle against UTI clinical pathogen

Plant extract (in vivo)

Ethanol extract (mg/ml)

0.75

8.56 ± 0.09

7.53 ± 0.04

7.56 ± 0.09

8.40 ± 0.00

6.16 ± 0.12

9.33 ± 0.12

7.10 ± 0.08

3.0

10.23 ± 0.20

10.1 ± 0.16

8.96 ± 0.04

10.06 ± 0.09

9.23 ± 0.09

10.96 ± 0.04

8.96 ± 0.04

6.0

10.56 ± 0.09

11.53 ± 0.04

10.56 ± 0.04

11.10 ± 0.08

10.56 ± 0.09

11.56 ± 0.04

9.66 ± 0.04

Plant extract (ex vitro)

Ethanol extract (mg/ml)

0.75

11.33 ± 0.04

10.53 ± 0.04

9.90 ± 0.08

10.23 ± 0.09

9.43 ± 0.09

10.00 ± 0.08

7.50 ± 0.00

3.0

13.90 ± 0.08

13.86 ± 0.09

11.03 ± 0.12

13.46 ± 0.04

11.10 ± 0.14

12.93 ± 0.04

9.06 ± 0.04

6.0

14.26 ± 0.12

15.13 ± 0.16

12.33 ± 0.20

14.03 ± 0.12

14.00 ± 0.08

14.03 ± 0.04

9.90 ± 0.08

Nanoparticle (μg/ml)

10

10.06 ± 0.09

12.4 ± 0.04

9.73 ± 0.04

11.40 ± 0.00

11.96 ± 0.12

11.30 ± 0.08

9.16 ± 0.09

25

12.86 ± 0.04

15.03 ± 0.01

11.63 ± 0.12

13.93 ± 0.04

15.90 ± 0.08

15.76 ± 0.12

11.83 ± 0.12

50

14.73 ± 0.16

16.60 ± 0.00

12.93 ± 0.04

15.10 ± 0.08

16.26 ± 0.12

16.93 ± 0.04

12.40 ± 0.12

Silver nitrate (μg/ml)

10

-

6.76 ± 0.06

-

-

7.4 ± 0.21

8.06 ± 0.09

-

20

5.46 ± 0.12

7.96 ± 0.03

5.83 ± 0.04

8.23 ± 0.24

8.3 ± 0.14

9.53 ± 0.30

-

50

6.96 ± 0.12

9.1 ± 0.04

7.13 ± 0.12

10.16 ± 0.23

9.13 ± 0.12

10.23 ± 0.16

5.46 ± 0.16