Sustainable and efficient protocols for in vitro germination and antioxidants production from seeds of the endangered species Araucaria araucana

Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Table 1 Effect of different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators in light (L) and dark (D) conditions on callus formation from piñón embryo

Treatment	2,4-D	NAA	BAP	GA₃	% callus	DW^a	FRAP	TPC	TFC	FRAP 100^§	TPC 100^§	TFC 100^§
	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	% callus	(mg)	μg AAE/mg DW	μg GAE/mg DW	μg QE/mg DW	μg AAE	μg GAE	μg QE
Light
1	1	0	0	0	ND
2	2	0	0	0	ND
3	0	0	1	0	ND
4	0	1	1	0	ND
5	1	0	1	0	ND
6	2	0	1	0	6	12.60^b
7	0	1	1.5	0	57	40.60	10.50*	9.67*	12.00*	20828.63*	19175.57*	23804.15*
8	0	1	1.5	0.5	44	19.60	10.17*	9.33*	12.17*	7515.50*	6899.48	8993.96*
9	0	1	2	0	15	3.50^b
10	0	2	2	0	ND
11	1	0	2	0	ND
12	2	0	2	0	ND
Dark
13	1	0	0	0	ND
14	2	0	0	0	ND
15	0	0	1	0	33	19.90	9.50*	6.50*	6.50*	5078.90*	3475.04*	3475.04*
16	0	1	1	0	ND
17	1	0	1	0	ND
18	2	0	1	0	ND
19	0	1	1.5	0	38	14.70	8.50*	9.00*	23.17*	4069.96*	4309.37	11092.64*
20	0	1	1.5	0.5	33	6.02	3.33 ± 1.34	5.83*	15.50	567.62*	993.34*	2639.45*
21	0	1	2	0	25	35.70	5.50*	14.33*	8.50*	4207.67*	10965.44*	6502.76*
22	0	2	2	0	ND
23	1	0	2	0	ND
24	2	0	2	0	ND
None	Embryo					54	1,8 ± 0,2	0,98 ± 0,27	16,07 ± 1,03	9720	5292	86778

Values represent the mean of three independent experiment performed in duplicate ± SD. a: mean dry weight of each embryo or callus. b: not analyzed samples since low callus induction. *Significant differences P ≤ 0.05. For a better visualization of the results, the SDs were not included for all the values in the table. However, all SDs were less than 15%, except for FRAP of treatment 20. Bold values: increased efficiency with respect to embryo. §: calculated value to 100 embryos