Fig. 2

Schematic representation of biomaterial-mediated gene delivery systems. DNA can be incapsulated/ immobilised into 3D biomaterials or coated on 2D substrates (SMD). 2D materials may be flat, or contain topographical cues, such as nanopillars, nanogratings or silicon nanowires. Physical and mechanical cues (i.e. mechanical stimulation, optimal biomaterial stiffness and ECM cues) may further enhance transfection efficiency. Addition of ECM mimetics may even allow cell type-specific transfection