Table 1 Antimitotic agent(s) and their influence on autopolyploidization and subsequent secondary metabolites production (arranged in chronological order)
Plant spp. | Treatment condition | Treated plant part | Type, dosage and exposure duration of antimitotic agent(s) | Resultant ploidy level | Effect on secondary metabolite production | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catharanthus roseus Don. | Immersed in colchicine (dissolved in ethanol) soln. | Seed | Colchicine; 0.2%; 24 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=32) | Increase in terpenoid indole alkaloids (2–3-fold) | [9] |
Centella asiatica (L.) | Soaked in colchicine solution | Shoot tip | Colchicine; 0.050–0.200%; 12–24 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Non-significant increase of 11% in total triterpenes production | [10] |
Catharanthus roseus | NM | Shooty teratoma | Colchicine: 0.01%; 24–48 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=32) | 2-fold increment in vincristine production | [11] |
Solanum commersonii | Dipped in sterile and agitated (100 rpm at r.t.) H2O containing oryzalin (40 mg/l dissolved in 1 ml of DMSO) | Shoot tip | Oryzalin; 10 mg /l; 24 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=48) | Higher phenylpropanoid content (approx. 2-fold) | [12] |
Solanum bulbocastanum | Dipped in sterile and agitated (100 rpm at r.t.) H2O containing oryzalin (40 mg/l dissolved in 1 ml of DMSO) | Shoot tip | Oryzalin; 10 mg /l; 24 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=48) | Similar or lower phenylpropanoids and metabolites compared to diploids | [13] |
Rosa hybrida cv Iceberg | NM | NM | Trifluralin; NM; NM | Triploid➔Hexaploid (2n=6x=42) | Increase in phenolic compounds | [14] |
Echinacea purpurea (L.) | Colchicine soln. imbibition | Root tip | Colchicine; 0.25%; 24–72 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in cichoric acid (45%) and chlorogenic acid (71%) | [15] |
Stevia rebaudiana | H2O imbibed seed➔ colchicine (dissolved in 1% DMSO) soln. | Seed | Colchicine; 0.6%; 24 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in stevioside (approx. 2.4%) | [16] |
Cichorium intybus L | cotton covered meristem tip➔ 3 droplets/treatment➔ 4 times at treatment intervals | Shoot apical meristem | Colchicine; 0.05%; 8 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | 1.9-fold increase in total phenolic; 10-fold increase in chlorogenic acid | [17] |
Allium sativum L. | Soaked in basal media (liquid B5 + 2% DMSO + colchicine) | Stem disc | Colchicine; 0.5%; 36 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=32) | Increase in allicin conc. (30.7%) | [18] |
Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen | Basal media + colchicine | Nodal bud | Colchicine; 30 μM; 1 w | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=68) | Increase in β-ecdysone production (50%) | [19] |
Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss | Colchicine soln.➔ cotton ball method➔ SAM (2 leaf and 4 leaf stage) | Shoot apical meristem | Colchicine; 0.5%; 48 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=40) | Increase in methoxylated hydroxyflavones (approx. 19.41%) | [20] |
Centella asiatica (L.) | Soaked in colchicine solution | Shoot tip | Colchicine; 0.050–0.200%; 12–24 h | Diploid➔Tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in total triterpenoid (approx. 30.5%) | [21] |
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench | Shoot regeneration media + colchicine | Petiole | Colchicine; 30–240 mg/l for 30 d or 120 mg/l for 7, 14, 21 or 28 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in caffeic acid and alkamides | [22] |
Nigella sativa L. | Colchicine (dissolved in 2% DMSO) soln. treatment | Seed | Colchicine; 0.05%; 4 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=24) | Increase in thymoquinone conc. (46.3%) | [23] |
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni | NM | NM | Colchicine; NM; NM | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in rebaudioside-A (6.21%) in tetraploid; | [24] |
Triploids and mixoploids | Increase in (13.50%) stevioside | |||||
Thymus persicus | Immersed in colchicine soln. (dissolved in 2% DMSO)➔ sterile H2O washing | Shoot tip | Colchicine; 0.3%; 12 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=56) | Increase in betulinic acid (69.73%), oleanolic acid (42.76%), ursolic acid (140.67%) | [25] |
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni | Treatment in field condition | NM | Colchicine; 2.5%; NM | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in rebaudioside-A (6.21%) | [26] |
Colchicine; 1.50%; NM | Mixoploid | Increase in steviosisde (13.50%) | ||||
Tetradenia riparia | Submerged in colchicine soln. | Seed | Colchicine; 0.01 g/l; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=) | Increase in essential oi production (3.5-fold) | [27] |
Echinacea purpurea L. | MS + 0.4 mg/l BA + 0.01 mg/l NAA + Colchicine | Petiole | Colchicine; 100 mg/l; 37 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) Tetraploid➔octaploid (2n=8x=88) | Increase in cichoric acid content in octoploid (13.76 and 29.84 mg/g) and tetraploid (10.38 and 22.32 mg/g) than diploid plantlets (8.21 and 18.42 mg/g) aboveground and underground parts, respectively | [28] |
Miscanthus × giganteus | NM | NM | Colchicine; NM; NM | Triploid➔hexaploid (2n=6x=114) | Lower phenolic compounds in hexaploids (1266 μg/g and 1349 μg/g) than triploid (1570 μg/g and 2268 μg/g) | [29] |
Lippia integrifolia | (MS + 2.2 μM BA) + colchicine | Nodal segment | Colchicine; 0.01%; 15 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=72) | Increase in total monoterpene (9%) | [30] |
Pogostemon cablin | MSL + colchicine➔ shaking at 100 rpm at 25°C | Cluster bud | Colchicine; 0.05%; 72 h | Tetraploid➔octaploid (2n=8x=128) | Increase in patchoulic alcohol (2.6-fold) | [31] |
Chamaemelum nobile L. | MSL + 1 μM NAA + 0.5 μM BAP + Colchicine; 25 °C; Dark for 12 h | Callus | Colchicine; 0.1%; 12 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in essential oil (2-fold) | [32] |
Bacopa monnieri | Treated with colchicine (dissolved in 1% DMSO) | Leaf | Colchicine; 0.1%; 2 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=128) | Increase in bacoside (more than 4-fold) | [33] |
Capsicum frutescens L. | Immersed in colchicine soln. under dark condition; shaken at 100 rpm | Seed | Colchicine; 300 mg/l; 6 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=48) | Increase in capsaicin (1.37-fold) | [34] |
Oryzalin; 30 mg/l; 6 h | Increase in capsaicin (1.36-fold) | |||||
Immersed in oryzalin soln. under dark condition shaken at 100 rpm | ||||||
Aquilaria malaccensis Lamarck | NM | Nodal segment | Trifluralin; 0.1 mM; 120 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=28) | Presence of sesquiterpene, α-guaiene (2.92%) | [35] |
Cannabis sativa L. | Through micropipette ➔ 4 times at 6 h interval | Apical meristem | Colchicine; 0.2%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=40) | Increase in cannabinoid (1.2-fold) | [36] |
Colchicine; 0.1%; 24 h | Diploid➔mixoploid | Increase in cannabinoid (1.6-fold) | ||||
Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata | MSL + colchicine | Nodal stem | Colchicine; 100 mg/l; 3 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=48) | Increase in total flavonoid (0.5-fold) and gastrodin (4-fold) | [37] |
Trachyspermum ammi L. | MS + colchicine (Dissolved in distilled H2O + 2% DMSO) | Seed | Colchicine; 0.05%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in thymol in tetraploid (69.2%) over diploids (49.67%) | [38] |
Linum album | MS + 0.4 mg/l KIN + colchicine➔ shaking at 100 rpm | Nodal segment | Colchicine; 2.5 mM; 72 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=60) | Increase in total phenolics (1.8-and 2.1-fold) and flavonoids (1.55- and 1.53-fold) in regenerated stem and leaf, respectively | [39] |
Platycodon grandiflorum | NM | Seedling | Colchicine; NM; NM | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in metabolite content (NM) | [40] |
Dendrobium hybrids | Suspension culture + colchicine/ Amiprophos-methyl | Protocorm like body | Colchicine; 0.050%; 3 d Amiprophos-methyl; 2.5 μM; 3 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=76) | Increase in shihundine and hircinol (NM) | [41] |
Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski | Incubation in MSL+ 2% DMSO + Colchicine➔ shaking (100 rpm) at 25 °C | Shoot tip | Colchicine; 0.05%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=100) | Increase in wedelolactone (1.66-fold) | [42] |
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni | Imbibed in colchicine soln. (dissolved in 2% DMSO) in dark | Seed | Colchicine; .01%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in stevioside (2.5-fold) and rebaudioside-A (1.5-fold) | [43] |
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk | MSL+ colchicine + 2% DMSO➔ shaking at 100 rpm | Shoot tip | Colchicine; 0.1%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in wedelolactone (approx. 3-fold) | [44] |
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni | Cotton plug method➔ colchicine-soaked cotton placed on bud | Axillary bud | Colchicine; 1.0%; 3 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in stevioside (2.5-fold) | [45] |
Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep | Immersed in colchicine soln. | Adventitious bud (from epicotyl) | Colchicine; 0.2%; 30 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Higher productivity of matrine and oxymatrine (1.31-fold) | [46] |
Andrographis paniculata | Soaked in colchicine soln at 4 ± 1 °C➔ fresh colchicine soln. at 40 ± 1 °C | Seed | Colchicine;0.01%; 40 min & 20 min | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=100) | Increase in andrographolide (28%) | [47] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | MS + 0.5 mg/l TDZ + colchicine | Leaf segment | Colchicine; 0.5 mg/l; 3 w | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=32) | Increase in dihydrotanshinone and total tanshinones (approx. 1.5-fold) | [48] |
Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. | MSL + colchicine; dark at 25 ± 2 °C | Seed | Colchicine; 0.1%; 7 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=64) | Increase in total phenolics (1.6 folds) | [49] |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) wall. ex Nees | NM | NM | Colchicine; NM; NM | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=100) | Increase in leaf metabolite (NM) | [50] |
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) | Inoculation in colchicine soln. | Adventitious bud | Colchicine; 0.20%; 12 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in steviol glycosides (approx. 1.27-fold) | [51] |
Datura stramonium L. | Soaked in colchicine | Seed | Colchicine; 1%; 48 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=48) | Increase in alkaloids (7.25%) | [52] |
Eucommia sp. | High temperature induction of 2n female parent➔ 2n female gamete × haploid pollen | Megaspore | High temperature; NM; NM | Diploid × haploid ➔ triploid (3n=51) | Increase in chlorogenic acid (10.20%), aucubin (1.34%), geniposide (118.22%), geniposidic acid (22.04%) | [53] |
Bacopa monnieri | MSL + colchicine soln. ➔ shaking (100 rpm) at 25±2°C; 10 h PP; 20 μmol/m2 LI | Nodal segment | Colchicine; 0.5%; 48 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=128) | Increase in bacoside (2.3-fold) | [54] |
Cannabis sativa | Dipped in MSL + oryzalin media (37.5 mM oryzalin dissolved in 80% ethanol)➔ tin foil cover of cultures➔ shaking (150 rpm) | Axillary bud | Oryzalin; 20–40 μM; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=40) | Increase in cannabidiol (9%) | [55] |
garlic | Imbibed in colchicine soln. (5 drops of 4% DMSO added) | Clove | Colchicine; 0.6%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=32) | Increase in diallyl disulfide (15.13%), allyl methyl trisulfide (24.61%) and diallyl trisulfide (15.57%) | [56] |
Physalis peruviana L. | Soaking in colchicine soln. | Seed | Colchicine; 0.6%; 36 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=48) | Increase in total flavonoid (88.7%) | [57] |
Germinated seed with 2–3 mm long root in colchicine soln. | Colchicine; 0.6%; 24 h | Increase in total anthocyanin (9.1%) | ||||
Soaking in colchicine soln. | Colchicine; 0.6%; 24 h | Increase in total phenolic (NM) | ||||
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck | MS + colchicine; 25 ± 2 °C; 16 h PP; 50–60 μmol/m2/s LI | Seed with radicle | Colchicine; 0.025%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in essential oil and limonene (7%) | [58] |
Eucalyptus polybractea RT Baker | Solid medium M1 + colchicine; Dark; 25 °C; shaking at 40 rpm | Shoot tip | Colchicine; 0.5%; 4 d | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in essential oil (3%) | [59] |
Plantago psyllium | Colchicine treatment (dissolved in 2% DMSO) | Terminal bud | Colchicine; 0.5%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=24) | Increase in carotenoid (1.5-fold) | [60] |
NM | Trifluralin; 22.5%; 72 h | Increase in carotenoid (1.54-fold) | ||||
Plantago ovata | Soaking in colchicine soln. | Terminal bud | Colchicine; 0.3%; 24 h Trifluralin; 22.5%; 72 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=16) | Increase in carotenoid content (approx. 1.83-fold) | [61] |
Thymus vulgaris L. | Oryzalin (dissolved in 1% DMSO) treatment➔ sterile H2O washing➔ culture in MS | Nodal segment | Oryzalin; 80 μM; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=60) | Essential oil content increase (from 0.81 to 1.19%); increase in thymol (18.01%) and carvacol (0.49%) | [62] |
Melissa officinalis L. | Soaked in colchicine soln. | Seedling | Colchicine; 0.1%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=64) | Increase in carotenoid content (2.9-fold) | [63] |
Colchicine; 0.05%; 24 h | Increase in phenolic content (4 times) | |||||
Colchicine; 0.1%; 48 h | Increase in flavonoid content (4.93-fold) | |||||
Lippia alba | Inoculation in colchicine +MS medium | Nodal segment | Colchicine; 0.2%; 72 h Colchicine; 0.2%; 4 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=60) Diploid➔mixoploid | Increase in linalool content; insignificant change in ctiral content | [64] |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. ‘Fengtou’ ginger | MSL + colchicine soln. ➔ shaking at 150 rpm at 23°C dark | Stem segment | Colchicine; 150mg/l; 7 d | Diploid➔ tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in carotenoids conc. (1.375-fold) | [65] |
Panax ginseng Mayer | MSL + colchicine soln. ➔ shaking at 100rpm ➔ dark | Adventitious root | Colchicine; 100mg/l; 1 d | Tetraploid ➔ mutant (tetraploid) | Increase in ginsenoside production (4.85-fold) | [66] |
Stevia rebaudiana | Soaked in colchicine soln. | Seed | Colchicine; 0.2%; 24 h | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=44) | Increase in rebaudioside-A content (2.84%) | [67] |
Artemisia cina | Soaked in colchicine soln. | Shoot | Colchicine; 100 mg/l | Diploid➔ tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in quercetin content (1.34-fold); kaempferol content (1.47-fold) | [68] |
Artemisia cina | NM | NM | Colchicine; NM; NM | Diploid➔ tetraploid (2n=4x=36) | Increase in artemisinin content (NM) | [69] |
Solanum tuberosum | In vitro colchicine treatment | (Solanum tuberosum × Solanum kurtzianum) | Colchicine; NM; NM | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=48) (Allotetraploid) | Increase in sesquiterpenes (22-fold) | [70] |
Oryzalin treatment | Diploid line (Solanum kurtzianum) | Oryzalin; NM; NM | Diploid➔tetraploid (2n=4x=48) (Autotetraploid) | Increase in sesquiterpenes (6-fold) |