Synthesis and characterizations iron oxide carbon nanotubes nanocomposite by laser ablation for anti-microbial applications

Background Environmental contamination by microbes is a major public health concern. A damp environment is one of the potential sources for microbe proliferation. Smart synthesis nanocatalytic coatings on surfaces, food, and material from different pathogen bacteria can inhibit using the Fe3O4/CNTs as anti-microbial growth can effectively curb this growing threat. In this present work, the anti-microbial efficacy of synthesis of a compound nanoparticle-containing iron oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotube was combined by laser ablation PLAL and explored the anti-bacterial action of colloidal solution of Fe3O4/CNTs NPs that was evaluated against bacteria which is classified as gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia), and also that is identified as gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes (S .pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under visible light irradiation. Results Doping of a minute fraction of iron(III) salt (0.5 mol%) in a volatile solvent (ethanol) was carried out via the sol-gel technique. Fe3O4 was further calcined at various temperatures (in the range of 500–700 °C) to evaluate the thermal stability of the Fe3O4 nanoporous oxidizer nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and UV–Visible spectroscopy techniques. XRD results revealed that the nanoparticles framework of Fe3O4 was maintained well up to 650 °C by the Fe dopant. UV–Vis results suggested that absorption property of combination Fe3O4/CNTs nanopowder by PLAL was enhanced and the band gap is reduced into 2.0 eV. Conclusions Density functional theory (DFT) studies emphasize the introduction of Fe+ and Fe2+ ions by replacing other ions in the CNT lattice, therefore creating oxygen vacancies. These further promoted anti-microbial efficiency. A significantly high bacterial inactivation that indicates results was evaluated and that the mean estimations of restraint were determined from triple assessment in every appraisal at 400 ml which represent the best anti-bacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes.


Background
In this study, compositing nanoparticles comprising iron oxide inserted with multi-walled carbon nanotubes to create Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs nanocomposite were joined with beat laser expulsion of graphite form and Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs centers around that were inundated in water deionization. The beat laser utilized was Nd:YAG laser of 1046 nm frequency at altered laser imperativeness masses that reached 5.22-13.07 J/cm 2 and a substitute numeral of 100-400 beats [1][2][3][4].
Likewise, the fundamental technique is fluid substrate methodology in particular gathering of carbon tube nanocomposite masterminded in two laser dynamisms 85 mJ and 250 mJ at that point stimulate it with various Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs, the greatest results were gotten from the 400 μg ml −1 of carbon nanotube stimulating with some kind extents of Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs nanocomposite [20,21]. The composite nanopowder that indicated the finest anti-microbial development in the liquid medium system are attempted ceaselessly procedure the incredible scattering technique and reveal that the best centralization of carbon tubes in concentration at 400 μg ml −1 which show the influence in anti-microbial actions that are improved and turned out to be better when it doped with 43% Fe 3 O 4 [8,[16][17][18][19][20].

Aims of the study
This study aimed to produce and promote a new model of nanocomposite as anti-microbial and anti-germ contamination that made a new profile of anti-resistance nanometers of microorganism, to open new horizons and renaissance for multiple biological applications through low-cost, non-toxic environmentally friendly nanoprocessors. The motivation behind this examination is the brand new model of nanocomposite by changing titanium dioxide for utilizing and obviously saw just as ease and eco-accommodating uncovering the presence of the "wreck" growth of microbe bacteria and how the mix of nanoparticles increment the counter pathogen action. The points of this work are given by some targets:

Conducting the experiment Combination Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs nanopowder
Nano-Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs powder was integrated through a sol-gel strategy utilizing iron(III) salt with an epoxide in a volatile solvent (ethanol) to generate nanoporous oxidizer nanoparticles, isopropanol, and deionized water as beginning materials, prompting the advancement of an airborne based sol−gel strategy for preparing nanoparticles iron-oxide nanoparticles with a high inner surface zone. We have utilized sol−gel responses in the airborne stage utilizing an iron(III) salt with an epoxide in an unstable dissolvable (ethanol) to create nanoporous oxidizer nanoparticles. The porosity of the particles results from the idea of the sol−gel science executed [5][6][7]. SEM and AFM results show that the vaporized-based science is subjectively like that happening in mass sol −gel union. The oxidizer particles acquired from the air sol−gel test are in the framework demonstrating size range as confirmed by SEM and differential versatility investigation using 3-dimensional AFM [1,[5][6][7]. Schedules of Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs nanoparticles by Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, beat span = 9 ns, redundancy recurrence 1 Hz) are working at various energies (80 and 200 mJ) for various removal times (10 min and 20 min). Each example was heavy when removal by an advanced weigher to decide LAL iron in refined deionized dish [1,3,[13][14][15][16].

AFM
It is an apparatus which is used to determine or take a picture of the particles, and it used to determine the particle volume in three-dimension x, y, and z, beside that this apparatus is used to determine the volume distribution of this particles. Angstrom A advanced Inc., USA. Model scanning probe microscope as 3000 A.

Bacterial medium properties
The bacterial medium was made and well-adjusted by correlated with 0.5 Mc-Farland turbidity commonplace (5 × 109 cell in ml −1 ) tubing test. It was additionally weakened to get a last of 5 × 107cell in ml −1 . All microscopic organism strains were cultured in agar media. The media was immunized by the 0.2 ml/5 ml with either the microbe's strains, at that point included 0.5 ml of IO-MWCNTs nanoparticles at concentration 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 ml −1 . The examples were brooded at 37°C . The bacterial development was estimated by an optical thickness that assimilates firmly at 532 nm frequency by spectrophotometer.

Results
XRD charts (Fig. 1d) show that the four integrated examples have the most noteworthy diffraction top in the glass-like plane (A) (2θ = 29.9202) and that the other diffraction tops agree with the translucent periods of (B) (25.9348), (C) (25,3439) and the littlest vertex of (E) (33, 9715). These outcomes have indicated that we can plainly observe that the translucent period of each example is masculine in anatase structure. This outcome corresponds with [1,2]. AFM spectra showed (Fig. 1a, b) the moment size conveyance between 60 and 135 nm for Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs and the moment size dispersion between 50 and 150 nm, for Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs doped with water orchestrated at 873 k. The results show that the Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs doped with water has the biggest surface zone, trailed by Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs which has a littler surface territory contrasted with the reduction in molecule size D Avg = 91.24 nm and the dimer (Fig. 1c) high Z = 0.30 nm between the particles is 0.30 nm (1) discovered goes with [5][6][7]. The outcomes likewise indicated that an exceptionally noteworthy distinction between the gatherings considered (P < 0.000) demonstrated that a high focus in ladies was a lot higher than in the male, which affirms that the presence of the impact is commonly an expansion in the fixation did by introduction to nanoparticles. The outcome likewise demonstrated that distinctions were found between the treatment gathering and the benchmark group; so, this finding concur with [7] and [9], respectively. Figure 2 shows the TEM images of the prepared magnetic nanotube Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNTs samples containing elemental iron. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles appear as spherical nanocrystals that spread on the sidewalls of MWNTs; most tubes were loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles and this can clearly be observed at higher magnification as shown in Fig. 2b that some nanoparticles assembled into nanoclusters. For some individual tubes, the nanoclusters ordered with the iron oxide nanoparticles can completely enwrap the tubes, producing core shell magnetic nanostructures (Fig. 2c). The iron oxide nanoparticles attached strongly and perfectly on the nanotube surface and they look like nodes rising from the nanotube.  [8,9,[14][15][16][17][18][19]].

Discussion
The optical properties of prepared collide were investigated before and after doping the carbon nanoparticles with iron oxide nanoparticles. The UV-Vis absorption spectra exhibited a redshift as the doping ratios with iron oxide nanoparticles were increased, while the photoluminescence of carbon nanoparticles doped with iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited a constant fluorescence emission peaks in the visible region at 597 nm upon excitation at a wavelength of 250 nm, but with lower intensity, as the doping ratio increased; this is because of the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles in quenching the carbon nanoparticles fluorescence this results goes with [1,3,[13][14][15].
The structural study of composite carbon nanoparticles doped with different iron oxide nanoparticles has been confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction investigation (XRD). From the FTIR results, it has been successfully found that the C-H C=C, C≡C, C=O, C=O=C, different iron oxide bonds, and CNT-IO are confirmed by pulsed laser ablation in the liquid process. XRD patterns that took over a scanning interval from 20°to 80°proved the presence of (02) and (100) planes which belong to graphene layers of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and the honeycomb lattice of the single graphene sheet, also the existent for different planes of iron oxide nanoparticles according to [1,3,8,9]. Morphological properties of composite carbon nanoparticles doped with iron oxide nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) are measured; the TEM measurement showed an individual and two straight long multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNT with a hollow core adhered. While for composite nanoparticles, the TEM study reveals that there are two types of composite carbon and iron oxides nanoparticles are present; the first type is the iron oxide nanoparticles that attached to the walls of CNT, and the second rare type is carbon-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The EDS measurements reveal the content of carbon, iron, and oxygen. Readiness strategy utilized prompted getting The anti-bacterial movement of combined merged nanocomposite was tried against four diverse microbe microorganisms: two gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumoniae)) and two kinds of gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus) with dual strategies; principal strategy is fluid culture cycle that is diverse grouping of nanocomposite arranged in dualistic laser powers that is 80 mJ and 200 mJ at that point fixing it with various iron oxide nanopowders. The greatest outcomes were acquired from the 400 μg ml −1 of Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs nanocomposite drugged with various proportions of nanoparticles. The sterile activity of combination of carbon tube and iron oxide nanocomposite was performed as assay in contradiction of four categories of pathogens; two types of them were the distinction of being gram-negative of bacterial wall as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the other two kinds of them which are distinct being grampositive wall like Streptococcus pyogens and Staphylococcus aureus by well-dispersion techniques. The hatched microscopic organism's media prior to adding the composite of particles appeared in Figs. 3, 5, and 6. The suspension fixations utilized were 400 μg ml −1 of just carbon nanotubes utilized as control, and afterward doped with iron oxide NPs of three distinct focuses (100, 250, 300 μg ml −1 ), which spoke to by doping proportions (20, 38, 43%) separately, gotten by laser removal of carbon and iron focuses in deionized water at a laser energy thickness of 5.2 J/cm 2 .
Composite nanoparticles, which have demonstrated the best anti-bacterial activity in a fluid medium technique, are continually tried in a well-dissipating technique procedure and find that the best combinations of 400 μg/ml carbon nanotubes, which show the best anti-bacterial activity, are improved and end up being better when doped with 43% nanoparticles that indicate the outcome correspondence with [14][15][16][17][18][19].
As shown in Fig. 4, determining the inhibiting zone IZ region by capacity of that nobbling the iron oxide-MWCN Ts nanocomposite container improved the anti-growth of bacteria activity interaction with pathogen culture distinguishing gram-negative, and this activity increased clearly with the increase of the IO NPs concentrations. Figure 3 exhibits the histograms of the anti-bacterial activity against two gram-negative E. coli and K. pneumoniae pathogens which were induced by carbon nanotubes at 400 μg ml −1 concentration and composite multi-walled carbon nanotubes doped with iron oxide NPs at three different concentrations ratios (20, 38, 42%). Figure 5 shows the inhibition zone (IZ) image of carbon nanotubes of 400 μg ml −1 which represented as control without adding iron oxide nanoparticles, and composite carbon and iron oxide NPs in three concentrations that maintained above according to [8,9,20,21]. Figures 5 and 6 demonstrate the histograms and inhibition zone (IZ) image, respectively, of the anti-bacterial growth in media against gram-positive Streptococcus pyogens (S. pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) pathogens which were induced by carbon nanotubes at 400 μg ml −1 concentration and composite carbon nanotubes doped with iron oxide NPs at three different concentrations ratios (20, 38, 42%) that goes with [4,8,9,14,15].
At last, utilizing the Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs as anti-microbial was tested against four different pathogen bacteria two gramnegative (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae)), and two gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)) by two methods: the first method is a liquid medium method in which different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanoparticles were prepared in two laser energies (80 mJ and 200 mJ) then doping them with different iron oxide nanoparticles; the best results were obtained from the 400 μg ml −1 multi-walled wall carbon nanoparticles doped with different ratios of iron oxide nanoparticles. The composite nanoparticles that exhibited the best anti-bacterial activity in the liquid medium method are tested by the second method, the good diffusion method, and reveals that the best concentration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (400 μg ml −1 ) that exhibit the best anti-oval activity are enhanced and become better when it doped with 43% iron oxide nanoparticles.

Conclusions
As a result of this work, the end could be summed up as follows: 1. For optical properties, the absorbance of both carbon nanotubes and iron. 2. Oxide nanoparticles were expanded as laser energy and removal time were expanded as well, while the photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanotubes diminished with expanding the doping proportions of iron oxide NPs. 3. Carbon NPs were incorporated in two structures (nanotubes and graphene sheet), and the iron oxide nanoparticles with round shapes were totaled around the carbon nanotubes; this accumulation expanded as laser removal time emerges. The second type of orchestrated composite NPs was seen as iron oxide NPs encompassed with graphene sheet. 4. The best anti-bacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes was for the fixations 400 μg/ml doped with various proportions of iron oxide nanoparticles more than for 200 μg/ml doped additionally with various iron oxide proportions because of the impact of arranged nanoparticles size. 5. The anti-bacterial movement for the composite carbon nanotubes doped with iron oxide nanoparticles was higher against gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) than for gram-negative microbes E. coli and K. pneumonia. . Investigated the physical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with iron oxide and supervised the findings of this work focus on microbial models, he was discussed the results and contributed to the final conceptual framework. He was writing the manuscript with support by the authors contributed to the interpretation of the results. He took the lead in writing the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript. He and Syakira took the re-evaluation of results. He and all authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript after the end of the study wrote by them. SS was conceived of the presented idea and put the outline of the study according to the time chart as well as subdivided the study according to the major and minor objective to make the streamlining of work according to the numeric of objectives that was set for it, in chronological order, after that she was conceived of the presented physiological and biochemistry influencer in this study. She with Dr. Moatasem verified the analytical methods. An encouraged Moatasem to investigate the physical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with iron oxide and supervised the findings of this work focus on microbial models. Also she with authors discussed the results and contributed to the final conceptual framework. She was taking the re-evaluation of results. SSA She was and all authors author contribution problem statements in the study. Her main concern was the delicate daily follow-up of the practical and technical side, conceived experimental procedure in the technician side also interested in offering the logistics supporting developed the theory and performed the computations. At last, she was contributed re-recommendation to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results, and to the writing of the manuscript in final form. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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