Fig. 2

HIV-1 replication cycle. The replication cycle involves several mechanisms where the HIV virus binds with the host receptor and inserts the viral RNA inside the host cells. Reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize viral DNA which would be integrated and transcribed inside the nucleus. Afterward, the mechanism is continued by a post-translational modification within the ribosome which would result in a complete viral structure. The complete viral structure is now ready to be assembled and released from the cell to weaken the body’s immune response and lead to the onset of AIDS. Some viral factors are necessary for these processes, including trans-activation response element (TAR) and trans activator of transcription (tat). Not to mention that several host factors also help these processes, such as positive transcription elongation factor B (pTEFb), tat-specific factor 1(tat-SF1), a transcription factor encoded by SUPT5H (SPT5), lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEFDGF), dead box RNA helicase (DDX3), and regulator expression of virion proteins