Table 1 The cause of skeletal muscle injuries

Physics

It is divided into workplace factors and non-workplace factors

Both factors cause repetitive and hard muscle work. Muscles will be injured, causing acute and systemic inflammation. Fibrosis will appear and cause the muscles to lose function

[5, 6, 13, 20]

Virus

SARS-CoV-2 virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), Chikungunya (CHIK), and Influenza A have been reported to cause injuries to skeletal muscles with tissue damage mechanism that causes myotoxicity

The SARS-CoV-2 virus can affect skeletal muscle by downregulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, increasing angiotensin (Ang) II levels, and reducing Ang 1–7

[21,22,23,24,25]

Bacteria

Clostridium perfringens bacteria can cause a deficiency in skeletal muscle regeneration after injury

Clostridium perfringens bacteria can exacerbate skeletal muscle injuries, leading to myonecrosis due to the inflammatory factor IFN-γ

[26]

Chemical

The oxime group can cause acute skeletal muscle injury

Chemicals such as oxime can cause acute skeletal muscle injury by necrotising and inflammatory mechanisms

[27]