Table 5 Levels of serum AGEP, VCAM-1, HIF-1α, VEGF, and CTRP3 in all the studied groups

AGEP (μg/ml)

19.02 (21.26)

223.96 (155.22)

799.16 (794.37)

786.00 (713.09)

P value

< 0.0001^a

< 0.0001^{a, b}

< 0.0001^{a, b}/ 1.000^c

VCAM-1 (ng/ml)

117.00 (47.65)

378.25 (47.22)

589.90 (399.70)

682.80 (461.80)

P value

< 0.0001^a

< 0.0001^{a, b}

< 0.0001^{a, b}/ 0.983^c

HIF-1α (pg/ml)

8.42 (4.12)

10.28 (4.48)

16.92 (5.19)

18.03 (3.93)

P value

< 0.076^a

< 0.0001^{a, b}

< 0.0001^{a, b}/ 1.000^c

VEGF (pg/ml)

84.43 (4.76)

85.95 (3.25)

89.35 (12.69)

98.30 (6.80)

P value

0.306^a

< 0.0001^{a, b}

< 0.0001^{a, b}/ 0.041^c

CTRP3 (ng/ml)

20.27 (7.97)

10.32 (5.70)

3.16 (2.64)

3.34 (3.53)

P value

< 0.0001^a

< 0.0001^{a, b}

< 0.0001^{a, b}/ 1.000^c