Table 1 Surface topography and gene delivery. Research papers assessing the effect of different surface topographies on surface-mediated non-viral gene delivery
Biomaterial | Cell type | Transfection system | Change in transfection efficiency | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Coverslips coated with a lipid film, having 3D-bicontinuous cubic, 2D-inverted hexagonal, or 1D-lamellar nanostructures | HeLa-Luc cell line, stably expressing the luciferase | siRNA directly loaded into the lipid film | Luciferase activity (luminescence/mg protein) was 4 × 105 in the untreated control. Highest gene silencing efficacy was for 3D-bicontinuous phase (luciferase activity ∼ 1.5. × 105). In 2D-hexagonal and 1D-lamellar phases, luciferase activity was almost 2.5 × 105. Bolus delivery (Lipofectamine™) showed gene silencing efficacy similar to that of 3D-bicontinuous phase. | [145] |
Micropatterns with different diameter and aspect ratio | Human MSCs | Cationic polyplexes | Highest transfection efficiency was 20%, for ellipses with aspect ratio 8:1 and surface area 80 μm. Lowest transfection efficiency was 2%, for circular micropattern with a diameter of 20 μm. | [146] |
Nanogrooved and nanopillar surfaces with different width/diameter and height | Normal human lung fibroblasts | Lipofectamine™ 2000 | Highest % of transfection was 50%, in grooves 500 nm in width and 150 nm in height and in nanopillars with a diameter of 500 nm and a width of 150 nm. In flat surfaces, % transfection was ∼ 30% | [139] |
Nanogrooved surfaces with different deep and depth | C2C12 skeletal myoblasts | jetPEI® (Polyplus, US) | Decrease of ∼ 73% in transfection efficiency, on nanogrooved patterns of 400 nm groove width and 400 nm depth, compared to flat surfaces. Decrease of ∼ 90% on nanogrooved pattern of 800 nm groove width and 500 nm depth, compared to flat surfaces. | [147] |
Nanogratins and nanopillar surfaces | Human MSCs | Lipofectamineâ„¢ 2000 | Highest % transfection was at 3.3%, for cells on grooves of 250 nm width. In flat surfaces, % transfection was 1.8% | [148] |
SiNWs | Jurkat, L1.2 and GPE86 | Naked DNA | % of transfection was ∼ 20%, 20% and 5% in GPE86, L1.2 and Jurkat respectively. % transfection was between 0% and 1%, in flat surfaces for all cell types. | [149] |
SiNWs with different heights | Human dental pulp stem cells | Naked DNA | % transfection was ∼ 90% for SiNW with heights of 1.2 and 3.5 μm. % transfection was less than 10% for SiNW with heights of 0.4 μm and 6.3 μm. | [150] |
SiNWs | Mouse embryonic stem cells | Naked DNA | Transfection efficiency lower than 1%. | [151] |
Ethanolamine-functionalised SiNWs | HeLa | Naked DNA | Luciferase expression (luminescence/mg protein) was 106 in ethanolamine-functionalised siNWs, compared to 104 in non-functionalised siNWs | [152] |
Nanopillars of different diameter | C2C12 skeletal myoblasts | jetPRIME® or Lipofectamine™ | For jetPRIME®, luciferase expression (luminescence/mg protein) was ∼ 8 × 103 for pillars with a diameter of 1000 nm, whereas in flat surfaces it was 3 × 103 For Lipofetamine™, luciferase expression was 1 × 103 in nanopillars with a diameter 1000 nm and 5 × 103 in flat surfaces. | [153] |