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Fig. 3 | Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Fig. 3

From: Gene network analysis to determine the effect of hypoxia-associated genes on brain damages and tumorigenesis using an avian model

Fig. 3

The role of hypoxia in Parkinson’s disease by neuron apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. Results illustrated that Substantia nigra is the most important part of the midbrain that plays a critical role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). In Substantia nigra, Superoxide contributes in the neuron apoptosis, and Superoxide can also lead to oxidative stress and DNA damage by increasing ROS (Reactive oxygen species). Results show that CYCS (cytochrome c) protein can lead to the neuron apoptosis. In fact, it has an important role as the electron carrier between the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase and cytochrome oxidase complex, but releasing cytochrome c into the cytosol can activate the apoptosis process in cells. Lewy bodies and Neuromelanin are found as the main symptoms of PD. Lewy bodies are associated with unusual deposits of proteins in Substantia nigra, and Neuromelanins are also considered as complex structures containing granules of melanin polymer. In addition, loss of neuromelanin can be considered as effective symptoms of PD

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