Table 1 Genes/orthologs regulating somatic embryogenesis in various investigated plants
From: Genes, proteins and other networks regulating somatic embryogenesis in plants
Genes/orthologs | Encoded products and possible role | Investigated plant | References |
|---|---|---|---|
ABI3 (ABA INSENSITIVE 3) | B2, B3 domain transcription factors; regulate embryo-specific ABA-inducible genes | Arabidopsis thaliana | Ikeda et al. [61] |
AGL15 (AGAMOUS LIKE 15) | MADS-box transcription factor; promote somatic embryogenesis | Brassica napus | Zhu and Perry [165] |
ASET1-3 (Alfalfa SE-specific transcripts) | Specific transcript, (product unknown); expressed at early stages of embryogenesis | Medicago sativa | Giroux and Pauls [39] |
AtECP31, AtECP63 | Embryogenic 31 and 63 cell proteins; expression during torpedo stage of embryogenesis, ABA-responsive genes | A. thaliana | Yang et al. [156] |
BBM (BABY BOOM) | AP2/ERF Transcription factors; activates LEC1-ABI3-FUS3-LEC2 network to induce somatic embryogenesis | B. napus | Boutilier et al. [11] Hortsman [55] |
CaM (Calmodulin genes) | Kinase type protein; accumulates during early embryogenesis through Ca-mediated signaling | Many plants | [5] |
Cdc2 (Cell division cycle 2) | Cdc protein; regulation of cell cycle progression | M. sativa | [96] |
CEM1 | Polypeptide, similar to translational elongation-factor 1α Expressed strongly pro-globular and globular stage | Daucus carota | [77] |
CGS102, CGS103, CGS201 | Glutamine synthetase; enzyme, expression during early SE stages | D. carota | [53] |
DcARG1 (Auxin regulated Gene 1) | Protein specific to auxin; expression at early induction stage | D. carota | [15] |
DcECP31, DcECP40, DcECP63 | Embryogenic cell protein; expression at torpedo stage of SE | D. carota | [15] |
FUS3 (FUSCA 3) | Transcriptional factor family protein; regulate synthesis of storage proteins and lipids | A. thaliana | [73] |
H3-1, H3-11 (Histone 3,11) | H3-1 gene transcript, auxin responsive | M. sativa | [74] |
Kryptonite (KYP/SUVH4) | Methyl transferase; role in dedifferentiation | A. thaliana | [26] |
LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 29 (LBD29) | Transcription factor; dedifferentiation of cells, role in early embryogenesis | A. thaliana | [89] |
LEC1, LEC2 (LEAFY COTYLEDON 1,2) | B3 domain transcription factor; essential for somatic embryogenesis | A. thaliana | [21] |
PICKLE | ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler; inhibits SE | A. thaliana | [120] |
PJCW1, PJCW2 = SAUR, SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED GENE | Protein product, influence cell elongation | Glycine max | [45] |
POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC 1) | Epigenetic effector proteins; stem cell self-renewal, pluripotency, gene silencing; repressive effect on dedifferentiation ability of cells | A. thaliana | [26] |
PRIMORDIA TIMING | Gene product; help in flower development; increases SAM cell population | A. thaliana | [49] |
SERK1-5 (SOMATIC EMBRYO RECEPTOR KINASE 1-5) | Receptor like kinase protein; acquisition of embryogenic competence | Many plants | [105] |
TOPI (Topoisomerase1) | Constitutively expressed during cellular proliferative activities and at torpedo stage of SE development | D. carota | [7] |
WUSCHEL | Homeo-domain transcription factor; Promote “vegetative to embryonic” transition | A. thaliana | [166] |